Figure 2 Vitamin D decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine expression. A549 cells were treated with 1 μM, 0.1 μM, and 0.01 μM of vitamin D with and without 30 μM of LPS for 6 h and 12 h. (A, B) Relative protein levels of NF-κB; (C, D) IL-1β; (E, F) IL-6; (G, H) IL-12; and (I, J) TNF-α. (K, L) Expression of all proteins as measured using western blot with an internal control (GAPDH). Data are shown as mean±SD and * P<0.05 indicates a significant difference relative to LPS treatment. Vit D – vitamin D; LPS – lipopolysaccharide; GADPH – glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NF – nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; IL – interleukin; TNF – tumor necrosis factor.