05 January 2021 : Review article
A Southeast Asian Perspective on the COVID-19 Pandemic: Hemoglobin E (HbE)-Trait Confers Resistance Against COVID-19
Konstantinos I. Papadopoulos1ABCDEF*, Warachaya Sutheesophon2BCDF, Somjate Manipalviratn3ABDE, Tar-Choon Aw45ADEFDOI: 10.12659/MSMBR.929207
Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2021; 27:e929207
Table 1 HbE and any Thalassemia carrier prevalence are given and opposed against COVID-19 infections and deaths per one million (M) population [1,3,4,13,15–32].
| Prevalence/Country | HbE carrier (%) | Any thalassemia carrier (%) | HERD immunity limit (%) | COVID-19 deaths per M | COVID-19 cases per M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thailand | 53 | 52.6 | 43 | 0.86 | 55.76 |
| Laos | 53 | 52.6 | 43 | 0 | 3.3 |
| Cambodia | 62 | 62.7 | 43 | 0 | 18.18 |
| Myanmar | 42 | 44.1 | 43 | 30.8 | 1376.26 |
| Indonesia | 33 | 56 | 43 | 57.03 | 1757.74 |
| Yunnan Province (China) | 39.1 | 21.7 | 43 | 0.43 | 4.09 |
| Vietnam | 35.6 | 30 | 43 | 0.36 | 13.4 |
| India | 30 | 21 | 43 | 95.77 | 6524.88 |
| Bangladesh | 8.68 | 11.89 | 43 | 38.28 | 2678.73 |
| Malaysia | 3.8 | 16.25 | 43 | 10.07 | 1596.74 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.5 | 15.8 | 43 | 3.41 | 879.88 |
| Hong Kong | 2 | 10 | 43 | 1.84 | 269.44 |
| Philippines | 2 | 8.2 | 43 | 72.99 | 3772.82 |
| Pakistan | 0.4 | 9 | 43 | 34.23 | 1668.98 |
| Taiwan | 0.027 | 8.4 | 43 | 0.29 | 25.57 |
| Singapore | 0.64 | 3.85 | 43 | 4.79 | 9937.71 |
| Brazil | 1.81 | 43 | 790.65 | 28785.87 | |
| Spain | 0.92 | 43 | 933.98 | 34110.80 | |
| France | 3.2 | 43 | 769.64 | 32996.77 | |
| Italy | 12 | 43 | 848.57 | 24065.13 | |
| Greece | 15 | 43 | 129.23 | 9127.55 | |
| Cyprus | 35 | 43 | 52.52 | 10502.35 |